Column A

A6

The culture of police believes that only men who have the ability both physically, mentally and emotionally to perform the policing duty. The hegemonic values of men in policing have an impact on how most of the women who fight had to join the institution work. In one way, female police officers feel and experiences devaluation that makes them have a negative experience in the job. In research conducted on policewomen on their experience in the institution, most of them report that women experience both personal and professional devaluation (Bikos, 2016). Women do not get the same opportunities as men. Sometimes as those women are more qualified than their men counterparts but they are left in the same position as the policemen get promoted. It creates a feeling of isolation that brings about internal and sometimes external conflict. The experience makes them unable to deliver in their duties.

The policing masculine culture also makes women feel pushed back in their policing career from the treatment they get. They suffer from professional sabotage where their professional documents and also of their case investigation get missing (Bikos, 2016). Men would not want to see women succeed while they are at the same level. Success in investigations of cases especially the criminal ones makes a police rank high and therefore men hide such investigating documents or evidence to make the female counterparts fail. Women feel that their careers are carried away by men and thus become discouraged on the way and become demotivated as per the men wishes. It is a horrific experience that makes female police officers regret off the career.

A8

Human trafficking is an old culture that started in places like America for labour. However, it has been possible in the century that is full of technology and intelligence to combat it through deception unlike force used earlier. Most people who experience trafficking are not coerced or forced but deceived that they are going to get a job, football and other game positions, free tour or academic scholarship in another country (Ume-Ezeoke, 2018). Once they arrive, the story changes and find themselves working without pay, serving as commercial sex workers among other worse experiences. The reason why the trafficking persists in the century is the demand for cheap labour as well as an increased rate of terrorism and other evils. Terrorism has thrived, and most of the leaders are forcing people into the groups to use them to achieve their goals. Also, there is an increased demand for cheap labour due to price competition in the market.

The policies and protocols in place to address the issue both at domestic and global levels are not sufficient to address the current issue. The structures that are in place are still focusing on more armed policing in combating the culture instead of educating people on how trafficking is occurring in the current century. The strategy should be to educate and control emigration to have full records showing what and how a person secures a job or scholarship in another country. Internationally, there are no policies to protect immigrants working in those countries. International governing bodies the United Nations Human Rights (UNHR) (n.d) are emphasising on individual state responsibilities instead of enhancing interstate collaboration on the war. States are not concerned with other non-citizens an issue that is giving human traffickers a chance to carry on their activities.

Column B

B5

Among the challenges that women face after they become free from prison is re-establishment of a family. In most cases, the society does not readily accept such women because of the cultural believes that women should be good morally and also where they had neglected their children (López et al., 2013). Some of the cases that women face like attempt murder of their children or a family member or even abortion make their families fear them that they might make similar attempts and may succeed. The women from prison, therefore, face social rejection. They also find that the family members who were left to take care of the children have altered their minds to see their mother as a killer or every evil person who cannot take care of them. Social rejection, therefore, makes it difficult for such women to reunite again with their families and much with the children.

There is also the legal challenge where the law dines such mothers from living with their children. One of them is the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 (ASFA) which requires the court to terminate the rights of the parents to children who have been under foster care for a period of at least 15 out of 22 consecutive months. It means that women who are coming from prison after one and a half year will no longer leave with their children. The act also prohibits reunification with the children when there is a possibility of risk in the hands of the parents (ASFA). Such safety issues include severe neglect or abuse of children, abandonment and violence against the children among others. The law, therefore, may prevent the mothers from uniting with the family and children again.

B5

Gender differences in the society also manifest in professional fields where each side tries to push hard for its position. The judicially is not an exception and the most affected group is that of women. Women tend to be very keen on how men treat them, and they will always try their best to take every opportunity that appears to push for more powers. Female judges assume to represent their gender and therefore protect it in litigation. The circumstances under which female judges arise to impact decisions that are more severe than their male jurists are when the plaintiff is a female and the defendant a male (Jeandidier et al., 2016) In such instances women will try as much as possible to make a judgement that will make not only the defendant but all men feel the weight. Women judges take the chance to address the issue of the male of domination and therefore send a message that they also have a value in the society.

The types of cases that female judges make severe decisions include discrimination against sex in employment and other places, sexual harassment like rape, domestic violence against women and divorce case where a man is seeking divorce among others (Jeandidier et al., 2016). In all such cases, men threats women where the public and more so female gender assumes that it is an exercise of men hegemony. Female judges assume that men wanted to show how powerful they are when engaging in such issues. Instead of focusing on the exact circumstance of the case, female judges concentrate on punishing the man to offer more relief to their fellow women. Female judges, therefore, use their position to fight for more powers and defend their gender in court.

References

Jeandidier, B., Bourreau-Dubois, C., Ray, J. C., & Doriat-Duban, M. (2016). Does Gender Matter in the Civil Law Judiciary? Evidence from French Child Support Court Decisions. Université de Lorraine.

Ume-Ezeoke, J. N. (2018). Playing for Keeps: Human Trafficking under the Guise of Football. Harvard International Review, 39(1), 23–27.

United Nations Human Rights (UNHR) (n.d). Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/protocoltraffickinginpersons.aspx

Bikos, L. J. (2016). ” I Took the Blue Pill” The Effect of the Hegemonic Masculine Police Culture on Canadian Policewomen’s Identities.

Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 (ASFA)

López, M., del Valle, J. F., Montserrat, C., & Bravo, A. (2013). Factors associated with family reunification for children in foster care. Child & Family Social Work, 18(2), 226–236.