Which receptor neuron is responsible for sending information from her finger to her peripheral nervous system?

The human body is made in such a way that it can detect and respond to stimuli in the environment. A sensory receptor is a unique structure that enables the human body to reacts to the stimulus that are caused by physical contact and may occur both internally and externally. The sensory nerve ending located in various parts of the body receive the information and quickly generate nerve impulses which are sent to the brain for perception and interpretation. The feedback is transmitted back to the body parts that have experienced the physical pain to process an immediate response. The general sensory receptors are responsible for informing the peripheral nervous system of the heat and pain drawn from the hot burner (Hamann & Iggo, 1988).

Is this receptor neuron, an afferent or efferent neuron?

The receptor neuron is afferent toward an organ as it converts specific stimulus through receptors and carries the information towards the Central Nervous System through the process referred to as sensory transduction (Hamann & Iggo, 1988). The cell bodies that make up the sensory neurons are found in the spinal cord’s dorsal ganglia.

Explain where the information from the receptor neuron is sent and how does it result in Amy moving her finger away from the stove

The pain sensory for the finger’s the general sensory receptors is transmitted to the Central Nervous System through the neurotransmitters and lands into the brain. The brain in response sends back a signal through efferent neurons to the Peripheral nervous system telling the arm’s muscle to pull back from the hot burner (Fain & Fain, 2003). In most cases, the automatic response in the body occurs when an individual experiences some pains or a burning sensation in one of the body parts such as the finger. The transmission and response to action take place within a split of second making contact with and detachment from the hot burner a quick reflex.

How many neurons are typically involved in this response? What are the names of these neurons?

In the case where the body experiences this form of response, there are two types of neurons involved; these are the efferent and afferent neurons. The efferent neurons are responsible for conveying the signal to the brain while the efferent neurons transmit the feedback or response back to body parts that interprets what is happening. As a result, the response could be voluntary or involuntary based on the action (Fain & Fain, 2003).

Evolutionarily, why do you think the human body has this system in place?

The body evolutionally developed reflexes to a mounting pressure to cope with new realities such as fear, temperature increase, pain among others. With these reflexes and coping mechanisms, humans were able to avoid anybody harm.

What might happen if we did not have this response?

If humans did not have such response, the body cells would be damaged by the external pressure such as heat leading to burns that would happen without people noticing.

What is Early Onset Parkinson’s disease?

The early onset of Parkinson’s disease is a type of disease that is diagnosed in people of the ages between 21-50 years. Parkinson’s disease is a disease that affects the brain’s nerve cells leading to muscle rigidity, gait, speech changes, tremors (Abbas et al., 2016).

What specific is cell type affected in Parkinson’s disease?

Parkinson’s disease affects the brain’s nerve cells that produce dopamine. Most of these cells are in the substantia nigra part of the brain (Fahn, 2003).

What is dopamine?

Dopamine refers to a neurotransmitter that uses chemicals to convey signals between the brain and the neurons (Fahn, 2003).

What effects does dopamine have on the body?

As a chemical that is secreted in the basal ganglia’s cells, dopamine helps in the transmission of chemicals that help in the control of all body movement governed by the basal ganglia. Further, the secretion of dopamine helps in the improvement of the working memory in the prefrontal cortex (Fahn, 2003). In that case, dopamine affects the learning process as well as the retention of information. Dopamine also helps in processing pain as it is released when one encounters aversive stimuli

Explain the structure of a synapse and why Glen’s neurologist would prescribe him a dopamine agonist?

A synapse is the point of connection of two neurons or between a glad or muscle and a neuron. It is at this point where electrochemical neurons communication takes place. A synapse has three elements namely; the presynaptic membrane, the postsynaptic membrane and the synaptic cleft (Andersen & Jansen, 1990). In a bid to activate the dopamine receptors, Glen’s neurologist would prescribe him a dopamine agonist. By so doing, the signaling pathways would be activated which ultimately would lead to gene transcription changes.

Would you advise his children to have genetic testing performed to determine if they also carry the disease mutation?  Why or why not?

In the case where the SNCA gene is involved, chances of Early Onset Parkinson’s disease being inherited are very high. Early Onset Parkinson’s disease would, therefore, be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern leaving a copy of a gene alteration in every cell that is sufficient enough to cause a disorder (Valente et al., 2004). Since the genetic changes are capable of modifying the risk of developing the Parkinson disease, it is advisable that Glen’s children have genetic testing performed to determine if they also carry the disease mutation (Lücking, et al., 2000).

What is MS? Is MS a disease of the central or peripheral nervous system?

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease that damages the nerve cells’ insulation in the spinal cord and the brain (Schneider, 2010).  The MS is a disease of the central nervous system.

What is the main cell structure affected in MS?

The oligodendrocyte cells that produce central nervous system myelin that helps in the promotion of efficiency in the transmission of a nerve impulse along the axon (Schneider, 2010).

How is the action potential of a neuron affected in MS?

Once the action potential reaches an axon’s end, it causes the release of the neurotransmitters between the synapse. In the case of multiple sclerosis, the myelin is shed off from the axon hence reducing the speed of the movement of the action potential down the axon (Schneider, 2010).

The origins of MS are not clear. What do scientists hypothesize to be the causes of MS?

It is hypothesized that the autoimmune disease is caused by the immune system of the body attacking the tissues of the nerve cells in the central nervous system (Schneider, 2010). The malfunction of the immune system, therefore, destroys myelin which protects the brains and the spinal cord’s nerve fibers

 
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