According to Ophuis et al. (2018), authors in this article addresses the value of analyzing information through early intervention for panic disorder. The authors inform that interventions on panic disorder have high productivity costs and these expenses require to be included in an analysis, from a societal perspective. The argument presented in this article is whether the research priorities should be changed according to society or healthcare perspectives. The findings obtained through a research process revealed that research priorities concerning interventions on panic disorder usually differ according to the health-economic perspective. Content in this article supports the main point in the presented case as it help decides when and the related costs in making early interventions.

Romero & Hebbar (2018), in their work, addresses the effectiveness of the therapeutic approach, used in treating a panic disorder like the one suspected in the presented case of Sam. According to the authors, panic disorder is a condition prevalent in society among many anxiety issues. Romero & Hebbar argue that randomized controlled trials and open research have proved one therapeutic approach to treat panic disorder problem. The approved effective approach is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Therefore, this article is useful in supporting the central issue in the presented, as it details how the CBT approach can be applied as a panic disorder intervention.

In this article, the authors- Kealy, Goodman & Ogrodniczuk (2017), agree that empirical research supports psychotherapy as an effective intervention plan to deal with mental health conditions. The article is useful to support the main point that psychotherapy can be employed in treating a mental disorder like panic attacks. The authors in this article go further, and details what constitute a panic disorder and they describe the condition to be related to recurring panic attacks. In this way, more information regarding what constitutes a panic disorder and best approaches to the situation are given, hence supporting an evaluation of the presented unit case study.

In this document, the authors go further to describe approaches or steps of treating panic disorder through aerobic therapies, employed in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Gaudlitz, Plag, Dimeo & Ströhle (2015) support that a CBT and pharmacotherapy are priorities in treating a mental health disorder like panic disorder. Thus, this research work supports the main point that a combination of pharmacotherapy and CBT is generally effective especially if the psychological conditions are severe. The authors add that though not all client may benefit from the same interventions, other therapeutic alternatives can be employed. Example, of additional therapy techniques, include physical activities like aerobic exercises and training endurance.

Hamm, Richter & Pané-Farré (2014) in their research work confirm that recurring panic attacks which are unexpected and anxiety are two separate emotional phenomena that lead to symptoms of panic disorder. The authors’ work is useful to support main points concerning symptoms associated with panic attacks, as described in the presented client case. According to this research, examples of related symptoms include heart racing, vomiting, dizziness and shortness of breath. The authors inform that these symptoms are useful in the diagnosis process.

Wittmann and other authors argue in their research work that agoraphobic situations correlate to neural response, causing a panic attack. According to authors, a panic disorder which has agoraphobia is featured by anxiety and panic attacks in cases where a client may be unable to avoid. Therefore, the article helps to understand the neural activations and response when a person is associated with events or environments that induce fear. By knowing neural correlation with agoraphobic events, it would help optimize and evaluate interventions like exposure therapy to a client with a panic disorder.

The author ER (2015), addresses two prevalent mental health conditions- anxiety and panic disorder while discussing their management along with the diagnosis process in adult clients. The author informs that these conditions are common mental disorders in many nations like the United States, and they disrupt people’s essential activities in life like work. ER’s work is useful in determining the diagnosis process, should the client have any of the addressed disorder. According to the author, a diagnosis process requires a wide differential and caution in identifying confounding variables (ER, 2015). The article helps to understand that screening and monitoring tool can be used to diagnose and monitor therapy.

Goossens and other coauthors argue in their article that a biological basis of panic attacks is not fully understood. The authors relate their work with past studies that panic attacks occur due to brain suffocation. Thus, this article becomes useful in helping understand the theory of how brain function in less supply of air, causing panic attacks. According to the authors, present research findings reveal that panic attacks result from over sensation of the pH monitoring network. From this work, one can understand that respiratory symptoms like chocking and breath shortness are associated with panic attacks. According to the authors, these respiratory symptoms are cardinal features of spontaneous panic.

The authors-Russell, Barry & Murphy (2018), in their work, addresses an approach to treating a panic disorder condition using new study techniques such as virtual realities. In this article, a virtual reality approach is a system designed to increase the level of empathy and elevate an understanding of the panic disorder. The system is designed to help users be aware of symptoms of panic attacks. The research is thus useful in providing a breakthrough of various techniques that can be applied to help client struggling with panic attacks symptoms. For example, it can be understood that a client exhibiting symptoms of heart race can run up and down stairs to mimic the sound with the heartbeat.

The article by authors Mahan, Swan & Macfie (2018), addresses psychotherapy approaches like interpersonal and mindfulness as the primary treatment for anxious distress. The authors employ a case study of a Caucasian female student aged 22 years who is presented as anxious and exhibiting relationship problems. In this case study, the intervention plan applied to help the client was interpersonal psychotherapy. The participant is engaged to exercises a mindfulness skill like training how to breathe and relaxation techniques. Therefore, this article presents useful approaches that could be applied to treat similar symptoms of anxiety and relationship problems, exhibited by a client with a panic disorder.

In the current literature, theories and standards concerning panic disorder, the key findings are that a repeated episode of intense fear characterizes the condition. The unexpected sensation induces physical symptoms like chest pain leading to the development of severe anxiety. Some theories, like biological theories, argue that the cause of this condition is heredity due to biological factors like genes. Other theories claim that stressful event and negative thinking exaggerates normal body reactions. Other studies argue that panic attacks result from a mechanism of suffocation alarm. In current standards governing intervention applied to mental health disorders, clients exhibiting panic disorder symptoms should be referred to mental health professional like psychologists. The current standards in treating mental health disorders require integration of family and the community to provide diagnostic information and help monitor individual progress.  methods of treating panic disorder include pharmacotherapies and cognitive behavioral therapy.

People living with mental health conditions are sometimes difficult to engage in the intervention processes.  Poor engagement could lead to worsening of the mental state and interfering with clinical outcomes. Recovery-Oriented care, which emphasize recovery care and empowerment of positive behavior is a helpful framework that can lead to quality outcomes. In many cases, person-centred care and shared decision making is an example of an approach that fosters attainment of goals set by a client undergoing mental health recovery. While administering treatment interventions to conditions like panic disorder, strategies are employed like an interview with clients to obtain cultural, biological and medical information. Various theories have been developed to address mental health conditions, where researchers propose that mental conditions like panic disorder result from exposure to panic attacks. However, arguments made about the condition reflect cognitive behavioral therapy as the best intervention approach to deal with the panic disorder.

 
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