• CTQs
• ) How does Bronfenbrenner and Crouter’s research models differ from those of other studies? Bronfenbrenner and Crouter’s models are different in two ways. One of them is that they are based on the systems’ external structure that has an impact on the family and the mode through which they influence. The second way pertains to the extent of differentiation and explicitness that is offered to the processes of intrafamily setups that are impacted by the surrounding environment. 
• ) What affects the psychological development of a child? The psychological development of children is usually affected by what happens in their surroundings and most especially where they spend much of their time. Additionally, the world of work of their parents may also influence how they develop psychologically is they often visit the working site.
• ) In which three ways does critical features introduced by Tulkin make his work unique?First, he emphasizes the differences of social class though process as opposed to the outcome. Secondly,he offers the child-rearing values’ role and the correlation between the behaviors and values impacted by parents of the middle class against those who are part of the working class. Finally, he provides the effects of development over a certain period.
• )When did studies in parental support networks begin? Investigation in this topic was first conducted in the year 1970 with a focus on the neglected children from families that earn a low income. Billingsley and Giovanni conducted the research.
• ) Why did Kanter introduce the “work absorption concept”(Bronfenbrenner, 1986)? Kanter intended to offer description to the degree to which works demands someone’s mental and physical energy.
• CTDs
• ) Describe two forms of Chronosystem(Bronfenbrenner, 1986). The first and the simplest chronosystem form pertains to transition in life. On the other hand, there is the second form which investigates the over time impact of the full sequence of the transitional development throughout the life of a person.
• ) Distinguish between normative and no normative transition(Bronfenbrenner, 1986). Normative transition relates to occurrences like retirement, puberty, making an entry to the school, entering the workforce, and getting married. On the other hand, nonnormative transition focuses on winning sweepstakes, divorce, death, severe illness, and relocation.
• )Explain the three ecosystems that may affect a child’s development(Bronfenbrenner, 1986).The first one is the workplace of the parent. As it is argued by Bronfenbrenner and Crouter, the state of a mother being employed affects the development of a child as well as when the father is not employed. These two states at as destructive forces in the growth of a child. The second exosystem is the social network of a parent which affects the way a child views the world as the parent’s associates act as role models. Finally, there is the community which also has a far-reaching impact on the growth of a child. The values and norms of society become the guiding principles of the child.
• ) List two reasons for using social address models(Bronfenbrenner, 1986).

1. They are comparatively simple both at the operationally and conceptual levels.
2. They are essential scientific tools when used appropriately.

• ) State the use of Chronological model (Bronfenbrenner, 1986). Chronological model is used to provide a framework for reference by scholars who study concepts from the perspective of the changes that occur during the development of a human being.

Work Cited

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental psychology, 22(6), 723.

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