Introduction

Juvenile delinquency and educational achievements are two societal factors with a common origin and overlapping properties. Little is understood regarding how the two aspects interrelate. At one instance, criminal involvement may affect educational achievements casually, and in another situation the education attainments may inadvertently influence criminal involvement (Ward & Williams, 2015). On the other hand, both criminal, as well as education attainments, can be caused by multiple, possibly superimposing, observable and unobservable elements, for instance, socio-economic and behavioral features (Omoniyi, 2011). As a result, it is not defined whether the educational attainments of young people are affected by the policy measures implemented (Auffrey, 999).

Additionally, it is also unclear if the interventions are positively impacting juvenile education cause a spillover influence on juvenile delinquency (Plewis, 2011). My claim is that improvement in higher education attainment in juveniles will significantly decrease the involvement of minors in criminal activities as this will enhance their rationality and enable them to make better choices and much more effective decisions. This paper aims, therefore, to shed light on these aspects and explain how education relates to juvenile delinquency.

To achieve the goal of this study, the paper will follow a well-defined structure. Chapter 1 will present the introduction; then Chapter 2 gives a systematic literature review, Chapter 3 will identify the relationship between the level of education and juvenile delinquency. In Chapter 4, I will evaluate data collected from youths in juvenile correctional centers in California State, and the Chapter 5 will examine the Link between Educational Attainments and Juvenile Crimes while restricting the scope to the selected sample population. Finally, Chapter 6 of the paper will present the conclusion of the research after delineating the findings right from Chapter 2 through Chapter 5.

Article Analysis 1

Name of the Article

The title of the article is Children and youth services review vol. 32,8.

Bibliographic Citation

Arthur J et al.(2009).“Preschool Education, Educational Attainment, and Crime Prevention: Contributions of Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skills” Children and youth services review vol. 32,8: 1054-1063.

Summary of the Article

The research was conducted by Arthur J. Reynolds, Judy A. Temple, and Suh-Ruu Ou and the topic of the research study is “Preschool Education, Educational Attainment, and Crime Prevention: Contributions of Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skills.” The researchers examined the degree to which the youth cognitive and no-cognitive skills justified the measured relationship between being a participant in preschool intervention and completing high school education, the best grade earned and the incarceration history in adolescent period or early adulthood (Arthur et al., 2009).

This study was data-driven, and the researchers made use of data from the Chicago Longitudinal Study,research containing data of more than 1,500 youths to facilitate a two-decade-long investigation regarding a school-based Child-parent Center early intervention program (Arthur et al., 2009).Reynolds et al. studied the significance of school preparedness and test score achievements up to the age of 14 years(Arthur et al., 2009). They also assessed the contributions of remedial education, problem behavior, social adjustment, educational prospects, impetus, as well as a juvenile arrest to the measured direct impact of preschool(Arthur et al., 2009).

 

 

The researchers conducted a hierarchical regression analysis and it was found that when evaluated independently, the cognitive factors contributed up to 42% of the preschool impact on the completion of high school education, while it accounted for 37% regarding the highest completed grade whereas it contributed for 23% on the imprisonment history by the age of twenty-four (Arthur et al., 2009). On the other hand, the non-cognitive factors contributed 365, 45%, and 59% respectively (Arthur et al., 2009). Both elements, the cognitive and non-cognitive, elucidated the 46%, 51% as well as 59% of the significant impact of preschool involvement (Arthur et al., 2009). Any set of cognitive skills had a higher value-added influence towards attainments in education whereas the non-cognitive skills indicated a higher value-added impact on imprisonment history (Arthur et al., 2009).

Conclusions of the author

From the study findings, it was found that preschool involvement is related to higher educational achievements and decreased crime rate all as a function of promoting the non-cognitive and cognitive skills (Arthur et al., 2009).

Contributions to the Field Of Study

The findings this research study contribute to the field of study by supporting the significant role of test scores, social and motivational factors as well as school performance by explaining the effects of adequate preschool involvement on economically critical well-being indicators.

This article offered useful insight regarding the importance of preschool in curbing juvenile delinquency. This significant to my study topic as directly corresponds with higher educational achievements. This article was well articulated as it is not only consistent but also easy to read and follow through. The research findings excellently fit the topic statement, and they successfully reveal new ideas regarding this area of study.

Article Analysis 2

Name of the Article

The title of the first article is The relationship between youth crime and education.

Bibliographic Citation

Rud, I. (2015). The relationship between youth crime and education. Maastricht: Maastricht University.

Summary of the Article

The research was carried out by IrynaVladimirovnaRud, and the topic of the research study is “The relationship between youth crime and education: an empirical literature review.” The researcher undertook a systematic literature review about the link between education and juvenile delinquency. To achieve this, he made robust studies on the various children as well as adolescent interventions, and they include early childhood interventions, early school-age interventions, and Adolescent interventions.

Rud administered a systematic literature review in the searching exercise; he made use of various keyword combinations relevant to the topic of interest. The researcher, then, performed a qualitative content analysis on the literature all the while focusing on three types of evidence and this included evidence regarding the educational impacts on crime, intervention reviews on education and crime, and the evidence on the influence of early participation in criminal activities on the educational results.

 

 

Conclusions of the author

Rud found out that education affects juvenile delinquency negatively.Additionally, according to empirical evidence, for teenagers with low socio-economic status, early interventions always led to positive effects regarding delinquency and educational outcomes.

Contributions to the Field Of Study

The research study merges two phenomena; educational and criminal economics. The main contribution of the study is that it offers a robust examination of the link between educational achievements and juvenile crime by making use of extensive data meanwhile evaluating the combinations of the various econometric techniques.

Furthermore, the study exposes a group of teenagers having poor educational attainment and thus at risk of becoming delinquent. They are, therefore, identified as the vulnerable target group. Additionally, the research offers more clarifications regarding the impact of the juvenile restorative system in consideration with the educational results. Finally, the evaluation of the effects of restorative youth justice systems on the educational attainments also contributes to the current debate about value and cost-efficiency of such programs across the globe.

This article provides my study topic with valuable information as it reveals the impacts of higher education on juvenile delinquency. The author did a good job, but I think the article could have better if a more straightforward language were used. The report reveals new ideas regarding my study topic as it establishes that teenagers with lower or poor educational achievements are the vulnerable target group as far as juvenile delinquency is concerned. Lastly, the article is successful in addressing the study topic.

 

 

Article Analysis 3

Name of the Article

The title of the first article is The effect of education on crime.

Bibliographic Citation

The bibliographic citation is Lochner, L., & Moretti, E. (2001). The impact of education on crime: Evidence from prison inmates, arrests, and self-reports.

Summary of the Article

Lance Lochner and Enrico Moretti conducted the research, and the topic of the research study is “The effect of education on crime: Evidence from prison inmates, arrests, and self-reports.”Lochner and Moretti examined the impact of education on delinquency by first analyzing the effects of schooling on imprisonment and the changes in the laws demanding compulsory school attendance over time.

The research was data-driven and the Lochner, and Moretti made use of the U.S Census data (Lochner&Moretti, 2001). The researchers first analyzed the effect of education on the probability of delinquency for males. The three public version Census report allowed them to identify the specific juvenile facilities and the inmates who had participated in the Census like the rest of the population (Lochner&Moretti, 2001). They devised a made-up variable equal to one in case the respondent was in a juvenile correctional institution (Lochner&Moretti, 2001).

After analysis, the researchers found out that the incarceration probability significantly declined with schooling(Lochner&Moretti, 2001). The educational achievement variations between the black and white accounted for the 23% black-white male incarceration gap rates(Lochner&Moretti, 2001). They also found that the change in school attendance laws affects educational attainment considerably. Lochner and Moretti further integrated their findings with the FBI incarceration data to distinguish the various types of crimes (Lochner&Moretti, 2001). They revealed that the effects of education are linked to murder, automotive theft, and assault (Lochner&Moretti, 2001).On examining the impact of education on self-reported crime, the authors discovered that their estimated incarcerations and arrests are not due to educational variations in the likelihood of imprisonment or detention due to a crime but due to the changes in the delinquent behavior(Lochner&Moretti, 2001).

Conclusions of the author

To determine the link between education and criminal involvement, the research study used data from various sources including Census on incarceration, arrest data, and self-report data on crime. The conclusions arrived at from all the data is that education reduces juvenile delinquency significantly (Lochner&Moretti, 2001).

Contributions to the Field Of Study

By examining and establishing the impact of education on criminal activities, the authors have contributed to the pool of study by exposing the magnitude of social return to schooling. This is especially important to economists interested in the importance, a concept on which emphasis has been directed to the private return to education over the years.

The article is essential to my study topic as it sheds light on the impact of educational attainments on juvenile delinquency. The report is well written, and this is evidenced by its simple structure and ease of flow of ideas. The research findings not only satisfies the research objective but also magnifies the evidence regarding the effects of education on juvenile delinquency.

 

 

 

 

 

Article Analysis 4

Name of the Article

The title of the article is Juvenile offenders, Imprisonment, Academic achievement, Race and Gender.

Bibliographic Citation

Blomberg, T. G., Bales, W. D., &Piquero, A. R. (2012). Is educational achievement a turning point for incarcerated delinquents across race and sex? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(2), 202-16. doi:http://dx.doi.org.bluestem.csu.edu:2048/10.1007/s10964-011-9680-4.

Summary of the Article

The research was conducted by Blomberg, Thomas G; Bales, William D; Piquero, and Alex R.The topic of the research study is “Is Educational Achievement a Turning Point for Incarcerated Delinquents across Race and Sex?”By using cumulative disadvantage guidelines which encompasses the factors of informal social power as well as labeling theories, the study assesses whether educational achievements act as a positive turning point which can re-direct away the youth delinquents from further offending acts (Blomberg, Bales &Piquero, 2012). Additionally, the authors paid attention to sex and race contingencies.

The study was data-oriented, and the researchers used a sample population of 4, 147 juvenile offenders discharged from Florida Correctional Institutions (Blomberg, Bales &Piquero, 2012). The population was composed of 86% male with 57% non-white and with an average age of 16.8 years (Blomberg, Bales &Piquero, 2012). Having acquired the sample, they conducted a propensity score analysis to help address their research question.

They found that juveniles whose academic achievement was above average had a higher likelihood of returning to school post-release while incarcerated. Those whose public school attendance was above average were substantially unlikely to get re-arrested during the twelve-month post-release period (Blomberg, Bales &Piquero, 2012).Although academic achievements were higher among the African-American males, the inhibitive influence of school attendance remained the same independent of the race and sex (Blomberg, Bales &Piquero, 2012).

Conclusions of the author

From the study findings, it was found that education is one of the significant efforts that aid juvenile offenders in successful re-entry into the community (Blomberg, Bales &Piquero, 2012).

Contributions to the Field Of Study

Most studies have been focusing on the role of education in juvenile delinquency but with little attention to the differences in the demographics. This study integrates the factors of race and sex and thus contributes to the field of study by addressing the role of education in delinquency while considering demographic differences as a critical factor (Blomberg, Bales &Piquero, 2012).

The article, to my research topic, has offered me with useful information about how race correlates with educational achievements and juvenile delinquency. The writing style is, and this is implied in the way the author has broken down what would have been somewhat complicated to understand absorbable and straightforward content. The research is relevant and consistent with the research objective.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Article Analysis 5

Name of the Article

The title of the article is Teenagers, Juvenile delinquency Polls& surveys; Secondary school students; Emotional abuse.

Bibliographic Citation

The bibliographic citation is Gomes, J. T., Bertrand, L. D., Paetsch, J. J., &Hornick, J. P. (2003). Self-reported delinquency among Alberta’s youth: Findings from a survey of 2,001 junior and senior high school students. Adolescence, 38(149), 75-91.

Summary of the Article

The research was conducted by Gomes, Jeanette T; Bertrand, Lorne D; Paetsch, Joanne J; Hornick, and Joseph P. The topic of the research study is “Self-reported delinquency among Alberta’s youth: Findings from a survey of 2,001 junior and senior high school students.”

The research study statistically analyzed the link between the level of delinquency and grade level, gender, mental problems, and victimization history while focusing on the self-reported delinquency in the past years (Gomes et al., 2003). This was data-driven research, and it made use of data from a survey on victimization, delinquency, and crime in Alberta done by the Canadian Research Institute of Law in assistance of University of Alberta researchers (Gomes et al., 2003). The sample population consisted of 2, 001 teenagers of Grades 7-12 from public and missionary schools both in the rural and urban areas (Gomes et al., 2003).

The authors discovered that males were comparable to females for low to moderate delinquency although the females had a slightly higher rate of violence under this category of misconduct (Gomes et al., 2003). While the younger students had a higher probability of being involved in violent delinquency, the older ones had a higher likelihood of engaging in property-based delinquency (Gomes et al., 2003).

Conclusions of the author

From the study finding, the researcher concluded that higher Grades (Grade 9 and above) directly correspond to higher rates of juvenile delinquency (Gomes et al., 2003). Furthermore, victimization was highest in violence-related delinquency compared to delinquency involving property.

Contributions to the Field Of Study

The findings of this study are consistent with those done by other researchers for instance by Paetsch and Bertrand (1999). Therefore, the research enhances the past research done regarding the topic.This article gave me a different perspective regarding my study topic, the link between the educational achievements and juvenile delinquency. The author is excellent at explaining things, and this makes this article great. The study adequately addresses the selected study topic and reveals one excellent new idea. I initially had expected high-Grade students to be less delinquent compared to low-Grade students, but this is not true according to this research.

Having analyzed the articles above, in this section, I offer my thoughts concerning the link between educational attainments and juvenile crimes. If there exists a relationship between the two aspects, I believe that extreme or inappropriate education orientation in terms of curriculum and school environment will facilitate juvenile delinquency. This will, in turn, lead to an increased rate of juvenile crimes across the nation. Juvenile delinquency has become a global problem, and its impacts are far felt as it affects all the core developmental aspects of countries(Omoniyi, 2011; Plewis, 2011). A lot of time and resources has been dedicated to research with the hope to find a long-lasting solution to this problem. Education is one of the best tools used in molding individuals into responsible beings(Blomberg, Bales &Piquero, 2012). Many scholars agree education correlate with crime. Therefore, all we need is an appropriate education system tailored for teenagers whose sole role will be to curb the development of delinquent behavior at an earlier stage. The variables that impact this phenomenon (juvenile education and juvenile crime) include race, gender, socio-economic factors, and family.

Generally, the findings from the above studies collectively indicate that higher educational achievements have a negative impact on juvenile delinquency. In the first study, the results showed that higher education achievements, which depended upon one’s involvement in preschool, resulted in improved cognitive and non-cognitive skills which in turn decreased delinquency. According to Rud in the second study, the findings indicated that education had a negative effect on juvenile delinquency, similar to the third study which also showed that education substantially reduced juvenile offending. The fourth study, on the other hand, showed that negative schooling experience would facilitated delinquency among the young people in the subsequent years after school. The fifth study showed that having substantial educational attainment significantly helped a juvenile offender to re-enter the community. Controversially, the last research indicated that students who are high graders are more likely to engage in violence-related crimes, unlike the low graders. This implicitly implies that there may be a link between the level of education and juvenile crimes. The new areas of study identified include school environment and juvenile delinquency, educational curriculum and juvenile delinquency, the effect of school laws on juvenile delinquency and the relationship between juvenile delinquency and adult crime.If there is a link between the two, then higher education attainments in juveniles will significantly decrease the involvement of minors in criminal activities as this will enhance their rationality and enable them to make better choices and much more effective decisions.

 

 References

Blomberg, T. G., Bales, W. D., &Piquero, A. R. (2012). Is educational achievement a turning point for incarcerated delinquents across race and sex? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(2), 202-16. doi:http://dx.doi.org.bluestem.csu.edu:2048/10.1007/s10964-011-9680-4.

Gomes, J. T., Bertrand, L. D., Paetsch, J. J., &Hornick, J. P. (2003). Self-reported delinquency among Alberta’s youth: Findings from a survey of 2,001 junior and senior high school students. Adolescence, 38(149), 75-91. Retrieved from http://bluestem.csu.edu:2048/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.bluestem.csu.edu:2443/docview/195938631?accountid=10079

Lochner, L., & Moretti, E. (2001). The effect of education on crime: Evidence from prison inmates, arrests, and self-reports. Retrieved February 21, 2019, from https://www.worldcat.org/title/effect-of-education-on-crime-evidence-from-prison-inmates-arrests-and-self-reports/oclc/48648089

Reynolds, Arthur J et al. “Preschool Education, Educational Attainment, and Crime Prevention: Contributions of Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skills” Children and youth services review vol. 32,8 (2009): 1054-1063.

Rud, I. (2015). The relationship between youth crime and educationMaastricht: Maastricht University

Auffrey, C. (1999). Exploring Differences Between Violent and Nonviolent Juvenile Offenders Using Juvenile. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation,10(2), 129-143. doi:10.1207/s1532768xjepc1002_2

Plewis, I. (2011). Contextual variations in ethnic group differences in educational attainments. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society),174(2), 419-437. doi:10.1111/j.1467-985x.2010.00679.x

Ward, S., & Williams, J. (2015). Does Juvenile Delinquency Reduce Educational Attainment? Journal of Empirical Legal Studies,12(4), 716-756. doi:10.1111/jels.12090

Omoniyi, M. (2011). Juvenile Crimes and Its Counseling Implications. Journal of Psychology,2(1), 1-6. doi:10.1080/09764224.2011.11885455

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