– Describe the national security risk and threat assessment process.

Every facility or a country is faced with numerous risks and threats. These treats can come from the natural disasters, the accidental incidences and the incidences that are caused by humans such as terrorism that are aimed a harming the people. Despite the nature of the threats that have been identified, the facilities and the government have to limit the damages that can be caused by the threats and the risks and the extent of its occurrences.  The government has for a long time been implementing the national security risk assessment procedures that can limit these damages.Risk refers to the function of threats, consequences, and vulnerabilities. Risk management allows managers to create some form of protection that would mitigate against the danger so that the risks are reduced to a level that is more accepted. Risk assessment procedures start with risk management of threat assessment (Khalid, and Shafiai, 2015). Assessing a threat is the first step to consider, especially regarding many spectrums of threats such as natural, criminal and accidental attacks. The ISC standards usually address the main risks that are human-made with an individual that expands upon threats that they should consider. The assessment examines supportive information to evaluate the likelihood of the danger taking place at different times. When it comes to the natural threats, there is the assessment of historical data that relates to the frequency of the natural disaster including floods, fire, earthquakes or hurricanes. When it comes to that criminal or criminal and human-made threats, the area gives the best indicator for the activity and how it is likely to take place. Assessment starts with determining whether the threat is human-made and how likely it is to take place and how to mitigate against the threat.

– What have national security threats been attributed to climate change?

Climatic changes usually pose risks that are immediate to national security. When they take place, they result in broader and costly impacts on the operations of the United States military and other national security issues. Climatic disaster has made the defense department to continuously boost some level of resilience to ensure that the mission readiness does not get compromised because of the rising sea levels as well as the frequency of natural disasters. For example, the national security threats that have been attributed to climate exchange is the defense department that has experienced climatic changes through adaptation of the roadmap. The climatic changes sometimes result in food shortage and water shortage in the United States and other developing countries (Horney, Dwyer, Aminto, Berke, and Smith, 2017). According to the defense department, Global warming is a multiplier of threats. The rising seas and increasing weather conditions sometimes exacerbate the dangers and threats that are posed by terrorism and infectious diseases. Runaway climatic changes also threaten the long-term plans for countries that are planning for their security as well as countries that are stable. As a result, military leaders are always faced with decisions to make especially when dealing with humanitarian assistance and how to address extreme weather conditions that are disrupting food supply and the budget of the nation.

What recommendations should be followed to protect the US from climate change?

Climatic changes have resulted in numerous disasters in the United States such as floods, hurricanes, heat waves, and numerous other meteorological problems. Several procedures should be followed by the US government to protect the country from the climatic changes. One of them is disaster preparedness where the country is ready for any outcome and any physical damages that could happen (Sadiq, and Noonan, 2015). However, there has been little sense when it comes to leaving the mammoth task of climatic adaption to the local communities. Because of these challenges, the government has always been implementing procedures to improve climatic adaptation efforts and to promote resiliency. Some of the most effectively used procedures are grant programs that are used by the federal government. The United States resilient has a program known as climatic explorer which is a tool that is used to assess disasters such as flooding in the coast and risks of waterfalls. Other challenges that are addressed include global warming possibilities and hurricanes (U.S Department of Homeland Security, 2011). This procedure had been launched to represent great government approach to harness ways that climatic changes can be addressed. Even though several recommendations are constantly changing, all the procedures are meant to protect the country against unpreparedness of disasters.

– What is the water-food-energy nexus and why is it important?

The water, food and energy nexus refers to three sectors of water security, power energy security and food security. Several inextricable issues are connected to the actions of different sectors. FAO has been developing an approach that can be used to assess and manage these three elements of water, energy and food nexus to make informed decisions when getting involved in the decision making processes and to guide policies and developments which are nexus sensitive (Wanner, and Bhimji, 2018). These are policies that support the country while they are being designed and implemented .this approach include proposals that can easily be applicable and those that rely on indicators of different country topology. They are the importance of food-water-energy nexus is that allows for quick assessment of interventions that can orchestrate development goals and to improve security and sustainable use of energy.

– How will rising sea levels impact defense infrastructure?

Because of the global warming, sea levels are rising because of the heat that on the earth. As a result, most of the military bases that are located along the United States east coast as well as those that are along the Gulf of Mexico are permanently closing the lands that they are situated in (CNA Military Advisory Board, 2014). The land is predicted to be lost in the decades to come even more. As the sea level rises, there are times that it extends further to the land (Tseng, and Chen, 2012). The tides and floods eventually become frequent and extensive. Similarly, hurricanes strike and massive storms also take place. The United States forces depend on these bases to protect the national security of the country. As a result, the rising sea level always exposes the military bases making the country less secure.

– What is an EMP and why is it dangerous?

EMP refers to electromagnetic pulse. This EMP is an attack that gives a direct threat to the United States grid of electricity. Electromagnetic pulse usually poses a threat to many people as not most of them understand it.  Therefore, there is a massive lack of leadership and workforce to address it. When an EMP attack takes place, there is high-intensity energy that is initiated by a massive exhilaration of charges and particles that comes from the nuclear bomb and those coming from the atmosphere (LaFauci Schutt, and Marotta, 2011). These charges possess massive damage to the electric grid and impede recovery. Currently, the united states have limited mitigations to protect itself from the events of EMP. Many people are discussing what can be done when an EMP strikes and who is responsible for protecting the people. EMPs also have high risk situation which is a concern despite discussions that have been made. Lack of leadership and understanding have been considered to be the biggest threat that has hampered initiatives by the government and the private sectors. Even though there are those who do not agree with the threats that are posed by the EMP, it is still a massive concern.

– What components of infrastructure can be damaged by an EMP and how can they be protected?

When a natural EMP catastrophe occurs, there are several components of infrastructure that can be damaged by an EMP. The blackouts the national electric grid to collapse is the most common damage known to many people. Other infrastructures are also collapsed by the attack especially communication, transportation systems, and banking systems. The other component of infrastructure includes food and water supply systems. It, therefore, leads to a slowdown of necessities that people depend on. The best way to protect against an attack is to protect the national grid of electricity. Other methods include emergency planning and training. The national government had already proposed there EMP national plan that improves the preparedness of the nation towards an EMP Attack. The people also have to be educated at the trend so that they are aware of the court as proof that is posted by this threat

– What threat do Ebola and similar pandemic diseases pose?

Some countries are currently facing Ebola as a viral disease outbreak. This is a disease that has been documented in many places throughout modern medical history. Different concerns of Ebola include longevity, morbidity magnitude and the mortality rate. Ebola is one of the diseases that spread rapidly and becomes a global strategy. There are several social impacts of Ebola outbreak which are quite brave to the society. Some of their impacts include economic shutdown and different awakenings of the background political systems (World Health Organization, 2014).  Psychological distress for the sufferers and unprecedented scarcity or healthcare resources to deal with Ebola and this epidemic diseases is a serious concern to the whole of the globe (Linnerooth-Bayer, and Hochrainer-Stigler, 2015). Ebola and other pandemic diseases have continuously been a concern because of the weaker health care systems for the countries faced with this pandemic. The emergency response and preparedness makes it challenging to protect the people against this disease. In most countries in West Africa where Ebola have been experienced lately, poverty is rampant, and the disconnection between the governments of the people is a serious concern especially when dealing with this dangerous disease. Even though there have been several responses from the development agencies, these diseases have continuously been frontal whenever it breaks.

– What can pre-infection (mitigation) measures be employed?

Even though these epidemic diseases are a concern, several mitigation measures can be done to reduce the impacts of Ebola and other epidemic diseases.  The risk factors of these epidemic diseases are driven through the use of complex factors including globalization, continuous population increase in urban areas and the continuous need for animal product trading. These risk factors have to be reduced before the disease can read (Veenema et al., 2016). Degrading the environment that is physically built through numerous systems have proven to be a successful mitigation strategy. Immunization has also been employed as a measure to solve this continuous problem. Similarly, the use of community development and education can be done to mitigate the disease.  School-based intervention includes several efforts of preparedness for the possible outbreak.

– What post-infection (response) measures can be employed?

After an outbreak, several post infectious responses and measures can be employed to deal with the situation. Multi-disciplinary responses are always deployed to detect cases before they occur. Preparing for diagnosis have been used for a long time and have proven to be successful. The first thing to do in case of an outbreak is to ensure that everyone is well prepared and have full information regarding their disease and how to avoid it. It is also necessary to separate the people who are infected from those who are not infected. It is essential to strengthen the efforts of immunization to give the adverse effects of these infectious diseases on human lives and eventually have an impact on economic trade. It is important to deploy serge mechanisms and exploits in cases where there is a need for high surveillance requirements. Post-infection reaction includes deploying the staffs in areas that are beyond the traditional epidemiology areas. Laboratory services and infection prevention controls are crucial as well as clinical management to supply in these cases. Social mobilization and logistic, medical anthropology are crucial especially when there is the need to provide community resistance at a treatment facility.

– Given what you’ve learned about risk assessment, which of these modern threats should be given highest priority and why?

Based on what has been learned in this lesson, people are facing several disasters and strategies.it is therefore important to have priorities when addressing emergency and disaster. The priority depends on the frequency of the location of the disaster. As a result, there should be prepared to prepare for urgent needs with resources that are available. Several regions the united states are exposed to natural disasters such as hurricanes and typhoons that are always destructing the facilities and leads to several casualties. The country should always be prepared for them. At the same time, in the busy towns, there are possibilities of experiencing terrorist attacks as the country have been exposed in the past. It is therefore important to have mitigations against such human-made disasters. As the consequence of globalization, the country military base is exposed to the rising sea level that is exposing the national security. Therefore, it is essential to mitigate against these disasters. The disease outbreak and other climatic disasters are also imminent.

References

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Tseng, C. P., & Chen, C. W. (2012). Natural disaster management mechanisms for probabilistic earthquake loss. Natural Hazards, 60(3), 1055-1063.

Wanner, G. K., & Bhimji, S. S. (2018). EMS, Care Teams In Disaster Response.

Sadiq, A. A., & Noonan, D. S. (2015). Flood disaster management policy: an analysis of the United States Community Ratings System. Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research, 7(1), 5-22.

Horney, J., Dwyer, C., Aminto, M., Berke, P., & Smith, G. (2017). Developing indicators to measure post‐disaster community recovery in the United States. Disasters, 41(1), 124-149.

Khalid, M. S. B., & Shafiai, S. B. (2015). Flood disaster management in Malaysia: An evaluation of the effectiveness flood delivery system. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(4), 398.

Linnerooth-Bayer, J., & Hochrainer-Stigler, S. (2015). Financial instruments for disaster risk management and climate change adaptation. Climatic Change, 133(1), 85-100.

Veenema, T. G., Griffin, A., Gable, A. R., MacIntyre, L., Simons, R. N., Couig, M. P., … & Larson, E. (2016). Nurses as leaders in disaster preparedness and response—A call to action. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 48(2), 187-200.

World Health Organization. (2014). Ebola and Marburg virus disease epidemics: preparedness, alert, control, and evaluation. Geneva, Switzerland.

CNA Military Advisory Board. (2014). National security and the accelerating risks of climate change. CNA Corporation.

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