Asthma is a common chronic airway disorder. Asthma is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness,  where whizzing, tightness of chest and coughing are recurring factors. Shortness of breath is also present. Usually, this disease is associated with airflow obstruction. Asthmas risk factors are as a result of host factors or environmental factors. Some of the risk factors of asthma include gender, genetics or obesity. Family history such as a parent with asthma is a common risk factor for asthma. Other common risk factors include having allergies or viral respiratory infections. Smoking is also another factor that irritates the airway increasing the risk for asthma. Environmental factors such as air pollution is a risk factor of asthma. Exposure to elements such as dust, chemical fumes, and vapors may lead to the development of asthma(Wilkins, 2011).

When the airways to the lung are narrowed or obstructed, it leads to the development of asthma. The cells present in the airways are vital for asthma pathogenesis. These are the epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells. The epithelial cells defend the airway from inhaled particles and pathogens. However, they cause inflammation to the airway as well as produce mucus which obstruct the airway. Contraction of airway smooth muscle also causes airway obstruction.

To diagnose asthma, a patient is required to undergo a peak expiratory flow (PEF) or pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Other tests done is to determine whether you are allergic to a specific food, pollen or particles. Other tests include imaging tests such as X-rays, Nitric oxide test to determine the gas and nitric acid available in your breath and the Methacholine challenge. The medical treatment depends on the age of the patient as well as the severity of the disease. Rescue or quick-relief drugs are meant for short term relief on the effects of asthma. They are mainly used to prevent or treat an asthma attack. An example of a rescue drug is ipratropium bromide inhaler or oral corticosteroids. Long term agents are used for controlling chronic symptoms and prevent asthma attacks. Such drugs will require days or weeks to reach maximal effects. Leukotriene modifier is an example of a long term agent (Wilkins, 2011).

One nursing priority during an asthma attack is to stabilize the patient. Treatment should be done after the patient has stabilized and is calm enough. The patient should also be in n upright position before delivering therapy. The nurse will then help the patient open his airway for an active breathing pattern (Wilkins, 2005). Patients should try and be calm during the attack to facilitate their breathing. Patients should also ensure that their inhalers are refilled and that they are at reach. Patients should also avoid triggers of asthma to minimize the effects of the disease. Treatment should be sought immediately.

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