Hughes, J. R. (2003). Motivating and helping smokers to stop smoking. Journal of general internal medicine, 18(12), 1053-1057.

The article seeks to explain ways to motivate and assist smokers to quit smoking. According to the author, the reason most smokers fail in their attempt to quit smoking is that they do not use proven intervention. Each year, approximately 40% of the current smokers try to quit, but only 4% to 6% are successful. The misperception by people regarding smoking cessation is that smokers can only quit smoking if they receive enough motivation. According to the author, the two processes that are involved in helping smokers to quit include motivating them and helping them to quit once they try. Moreover, to increase the quit rate, clinicians should provide smokers with repeated, brief and diplomatic advice. The advice should encompass the personal risk of smoking, request to quit, solutions to barriers and other interventions. It is appropriate for smokers to use medication and counseling. Also, the article outlines scientifically proven medication, which includes nicotine gum, lozenge, and clonidine. The proven psychosocial therapies include behavioral and supportive therapies.

Pierce, J. P., White, V. M., & Emery, S. L. (2012). What public health strategies are needed to reduce smoking initiation? Tobacco control, 21(2), 258-264.

The authors of the article explain public strategies that would be necessary for reducing smoking initiation. According to the author, smoking initiation plays a critical role in determining the future health consequences of smoking. Although there are programs in place for healthcare organizations to reduce smoking initiation, the tobacco industry uses the business model to encourage the initiation. The companies use marketing strategies that encourage adolescent cognition thus increasing the possibility of experimentation and continued use of the product. Some of the interventions aimed at controlling tobacco use include school interventions whereby students are subjected to early training to help them resist temptations to smoke. On the same note, schools should enact tobacco control policies, involve parents in the program, regularly evaluate the progress of the intervention and use appropriate training strategies. Another tobacco control intervention is the use of warning labels and plain packaging. The use of graphic health warning helps to disseminate health information to both smokers and non-smokers thus increasing their perceptions of risk associated with smoking. Lastly, other interventions include mass media anti-smoking campaigns, restricting minors from accessing cigarettes and smoke-free policies.

Saha, S. P., Bhalla, D. K., Whayne, T. F., & Gairola, C. G. (2007). Cigarette smoke and adverse health effects: An overview of research trends and future needs. International Journal of Angiology, 16(03), 77-83.

The author tries to explain the adverse health effects of cigarette smoke. Numerous research associate tobacco use with health issues such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Research indicates that cigarette smoking is a major cause of lung cancer, which has resulted in the deaths of people in the U.S. In the United States, the prevalence of smoking is approximately 28% for men and 23% for women. The risk of individuals developing coronary artery diseases increases with the frequency of smoking per day. Conversely, according to research, smoking cessation reduce mortality and morbidity due to atherosclerotic vascular disease. Scientists have made advanced approaches in the use of modern genetic technologies to evaluate the correlation between exposure to tobacco smoke and disease development. Regarding passive smokers, research reveals that environmental tobacco smoke is a risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disease and lung cancer. Moreover, children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke are more likely to develop the cardiovascular disorder.

References

Hughes, J. R. (2003). Motivating and helping smokers to stop smoking. Journal of general internal medicine, 18(12), 1053-1057.

Pierce, J. P., White, V. M., & Emery, S. L. (2012). What public health strategies are needed to reduce smoking initiation? Tobacco control, 21(2), 258-264.

Saha, S. P., Bhalla, D. K., Whayne, T. F., & Gairola, C. G. (2007). Cigarette smoke and adverse health effects: An overview of research trends and future needs. International Journal of Angiology, 16(03), 77-83.

 
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