The independence war of America arose from the increasing tensions between the thirteen colonies of Britain and the colonial government which was embodied by the British Crown. The residents of the thirteen colonies got tired of the rule of the British. The primary reason as to why the colonies began rebelling harshly against England the mother was the issue of taxation. They did not want to be taxed without representation. France joined the war to support the colonists’ fight for independence in 1778. The stiff war made the British Army surrender in 1781 leading the Americans to independence. England granted a high degree of autonomy to colonial Americans primarily for convenience. This was major because the Stuart monarchs and the parliament had disputes that prevented the government of British devising effective policy to control the affairs of the colony.  The rivalry between Britain and France affected the geo-strategic policy of Britain in many ways. It helped Britain device geostrategic policies to capture Montreal, Quebec City, and Louisburg. The rivalry also led to geo-strategic policies of alliance formation. Generally, the rivalry led to the foundation of the bicultural modern Canada. The impacts of the seven years’ war made England to sign the Paris treaty to end the war. The Seven Year war also made France lose Acadia which accommodated about 80,000 French-speaking Romans Catholic residents to Britain. Many of the French citizens migrated back to France and some to New Orleans. The Acadians were resettled by British in the provinces of North America. British parliament imposed new taxes because they wanted money to pay the war debts. The Americans protested against the new taxes claiming that the enormous taxes were violating their rights.

The articles of confederation are the first constitution of the United States that served from 1776 to 1789.  The outstanding features that the articles of federation created to the government are; loose states confederation with no strong central powers. Most of the powers were granted to the states, for instance, all the states were to approve amendments and not the central government. Proposals could only be approved for implementation by two-thirds of the states. It also gave the executive authorities to the congressional committees and not the central government.  The other feature of the article was that it could only be amended by unanimous vote.  The national government was reserved few powers by the article but granted most of its powers to the states. It was made up of a unicameral legislature where one vote was attached to each state. Due to its weak powers, the central government had no authority to regulate commerce or enforce the countries tax laws.   The central government was given the powers of conducting diplomacy, calling for war or countries peace, coin money and regulation of interstates. It also had authority to make treaties. And finally was to provide the armed forces including army and navy.  Under the Articles of Confederation, the government of the US only had one branch of power that was the Congress of Representatives from every state. Each state had three branches of government and their constitution. This was because they feared that if the central government of Britain was given powers, it would practice its excesses on the public. The weak central government yielded several legal and economic problems in the country. Later on, the constitution of US was amended, and it granted the federal government similar structure that each government of the states had.

 
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